Plain
The Upper
Indus Plain
The Northern part of Indus Plain is known
as Punjab (West and East) the greater portion of which lies in Pakistan .The
level plain is largely made of fertile alluvium deposited by the river Indus
and its rubutaries. Orly near Sargodha, Chiniot and Sangla, some old dry hills
rise above the plain known as the Kirana hills.
The land which lies between two
rivers is known as “doab” .The Punjab plain is, therefore, divided into several
doabs e.g. The Bari doab (land between Sutlej and Ravi),the Rechna doab (land
between the Ravi and the Chenab),the Chaj doab (land between the Chenab and the
Jhelum) and the Sindh Sagar doab (land between the Kirana Bar (in the middle of
the Chaj doab).
The land in the center of the doab
rises to an elevated land called “bar” e.g, the Nili Bar (between the Sutlej
and the Beas),the Ganji Bar (the old course of the beas and the Ravi),the
Sandal Bar (in the middle of the Rechna Doab) and the Kirana Bar (in the middle
of the Chaj Doab).
The Sub Mountain plain area ,west of
the indus known as “Derajat” is divided into the districts of Dera Ghazi Khan
and Dera Ismail Khan.
The annually flooded riverine area is
called “Bet” and agriculturally is the most important area.
The Lower
Indus Plain
Below Mithonkot in Sindh, the Indus
carries not only its own water but also that of its five big tributarfes. The
river flows very slowly and the silt carried by it is largely deposil on its
bed, there fore severe floods are experienced, but the soil is very fertile.
The area is marked by ox-bow lakes
locally called “Dhoros” and small salt lakes called “Dhands”.
West of the Indus lies the high
Kirtan prdment plain which slopes gently to the river.
Economic Importance
1. Both upper and lower Indus plain
are the most important agricultural areas in Pakistan .Wheat ,rice ,cotton, sugar
cane, maze, barley, millets, grains, oil, seeds, tobacco and fruits are the
main crops.
2. The plain areas produce the bulk
of food grains, agricultural raw, material ,vast market, food products and
manufactured goods. Hence most of the Pakistan’s greatest industries are
located in the plains.
3. These plains with gentle slope,
leveled logography are suitable for the construction of canals. Our Pakistan
has got world’s one of the most excellent system of irrigation.
4. The ease of mobility on plains
also facilitates the exchange of foods, hence Pakistan’s roads and railways are
found mobily in the plain areas.
5. The economic activities of man are
the greatest in the plains also the developed, civilized, cultured areas, greatest
cities concentration of population in Pakistan are found in there areas.
6. Actually the plain areas are the
gift of the Indus and its tributaries. Also these plains are the cradles of the
old civilization e.g. Mohen-jo-daro in Sindh and Harrappa in Punjab.
The Desert
Regions
There are three different desert
areas located in Punjab and Sindh e.g.:
1.Thal Desert:
More than three fourth of the Sindh
Sagar Doab is still a desert or semi-desert (in between Chenab-Jhelum and Indus
River).
2.The area in South of Bahawalpur is
an arid waste of shifting sand and is known as “Cholistan”.
3.In the eastern parts of the
Khairpur and Tharparkar districts, the desert areas are known as “Pat” and
“Thar” respectively.
Economic Importance
Annual rainfall is less than
5.Population is very sparse Agriculture is carried on with the help of
durigation. Also rearing of animals is carried on to some extent.
The Indus
Delta
The Indus Delta is marked by a number
of tributaries of the Indus River, from Thatta to Arabian Sea. Most of the part
is covered with mangrove swamps. The eastern part is more swampy than the
western. Most of the area is barren. Agriculture is carried out in small
patches.
Economic Importance
The major part of the delta is
burren. Agriculture is practiced in small patches.The irrigational facilities
provided by the Kotri Barrage have made it possible to reclaim a vast area of
the delta.
Coastal Areas
Pakistan has about 600 miles of
coastline ,about 150 miles of which is in Sindh from Kutch to Karachi and about
450 miles long coast is in Baluchistan from Karachi to Jiwani.
Economic Importance
The progress of any country depends
upon its coastal importance. International trade with the out side world is
carried on through its ports. For this purpose, in Pakistan, the ports of
Karachi and port Qasim are of very great importance. Also these ports have
great defence value. Majority of the coastal population are fishermen. Fish is
not only consumed as food internally, but it is also a source of earning
foreign exchange.
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