Power Resources
Introduction
Energy is the essential need of the
present age. Pakistan is self sufficient to the extent of about 67% of its
energy supply. The rest is being met through imports, mainly of crude petroleum
and deficit petroleum products. The following are the main power resources of
our country:
1. Coal
2. Petroleum of Mineral Oil
3. Natural Gas
4. Hydro-Electric Power
About 42 % of energy in Pakistan is
obtained from oil,35% from Natural gas,12% from hydle power and 4% from coal.
(A) COAL
Usage
Coal is described as the mother of
modern Industry. It is at the back of the rapid Industrial development of the
great industrial powers which might not have been possible without its
presence.
Coal is unique among natural products
in the number of uses to which it can be put. The main function of coal is to
run the factories, the locomotives and the steam ships. Supplying heat for
domestic purposes is of secondary importance. Apart from these, coal tar, dyes,
perfumes, colour films, sewing thread and typewriter ribbons are some of the
200,000 by products derived from coal.
Occurrence
Coal Mines of the Punjab
1.Salt Range
Mines
The coal found in these areas is of
low quality. The main centers of coal in this area are Dandot and Pidh.
Besides, some coal is also mined at Ara Katha, Chilaj, Pir Jahania etc.
Reserves are estimated at 70 million tonnes.
2.Makarwal
Coal Mines
These are second important coal mines
of Baluchistan. The coal found here is of poor quality and reserves are small .
3.Degari Coal
Mines
The coal found here is of low
quality, having more ash and sulphur content. Reserves are estimated at 54
million tonnes.
Besides the above mentioned coal
mines. Some coal has also been discovered in other areas of Baluchistan such as
Pir Ismail, Ziarat, Sinjidi and Kach, but extraction of coal has not been
started from those places.
Coal Mines Of Sindh
1.Lakhara
Coal Mines
The coal found here is of inferior
quality lignite and has a high moisture content. Reserves are about 22 million
tonnes.
2.Meting
Jhimpir Coal Mines
The seams of coal are thin and are of
poor quality. Reserves are about 28 million tonnes.
Besides coal has been discovered in
other areas of Pakistan such as Cherat hills. Nowshera in N.W.F.P and at Kotli,
Kuiratta, Dandili and Muzaffarabad in Azad Kashmir, but due to inferior quality
and small quantity, mining is uneconomical.
Total
Reserves
Coal has been the traditional source
of energy and its resources are estimated to the tune of 17.77 billion tonnes.
(B) MINERAL
OIL OR PETROLEUM
Usage
The use of petroleum as a power
resource is indispensable. Today, it illuminates the houses and runs ships,
locomotives and factories. It is of great significance for automobiles and aero
planes. As a source of lubricant petroleum has no rival.
It provides a number of by-products
e.g. gasoline, petrol, diesel oil, kerosene oil, furnace oil, road oil, wax,
naphtha, benzine etc. It remaining dust is used in the cement industries. It is
also an important raw material for many chemical textile and pharmaceutical
industries.
Occurrence
Punjab
1.Dhurnal oil Field (DistL: Chakwal,
Punjab)
2.Meyal Oil Field (Dist: Attock,
Punjab)
3.Toot Oil Field (Dist: Attock
,Punjab)
4.Chak Naurange Oil Field
(Dist.Chakwal,Punjab)
5.Joya Mir Oil
Field(Dist.Attock,Punjab)
6.Dhulian Oil Field(Dist.Attock,Punjab)
7.Khur Oil Field(Dist.Attock,Punjab)
8.Balkasar Oil Field
(Dist.Chacwal,Punjab)
9.Karsal Oil
Field(Dist.Chakwal,Punjab)
10.Adhi Oil Field(Dist.Rawalpindi,Punjab)
11.Bhangli Oil
Field(Dist.Rawalpindi,Punjab)
Sindh
1.Laghari Oil Field(Dist.Badin,Sindh)
2.Tando Alam (Dist.Hyderabad,Sindh)
3.Thora Oil Field(Dist.Badin,Sindh)
4.Dhsbi Oil Field(Dist.Badin,Sindh)
5.Khashkheli Oil Field(Dist.Badin,Sindh)
6.Mazari Oil Field(Dist.Badin,Punjab)
7.South MAzari (DIst.Badin,Sindh)
8.Sono Ghotana Central Lashari
Besides the above in Sindh province
at Gularchi Bobi Pasakhi,Tajedi Nari,Turk,Hali Pota,Ghunghro,Panero,Kunner,Oil
has also been discovered and experimental processes and under progress.
Oil Refining
At present, Three refineries are
operating in the country. Of these ,Pakistan Refinery Limited (PRL) and
National Refinery Limited (NRL) are located at Karachi and Attock Refinery
Limited (ARL) at Rawalpindi. PRL and NRL have refining capacity of 1.8 million
tonnes per year. In addition to imported crude oil, NRL is also processing
indigenous crude from new find at Legari-Khashkheli.
Total
Reserves And Production
The recoverable reserves of crude oil
were estimated at 145.69 million barrels on March 31,1992.
The production of oil increased from
53,481 barrels per day in 1989-90 to 64,348 barrels per day in 1990-91.
However, during the period July-March, 1992 the production declined on an average
to 62,500 barrels per day.
(C) NATURAL
GAS
Usage
Natural Gas is an important means of
energy,especially for countries like Pakistan which are deficient in the
production of mineral oil and coal.
Occurrence
The country is well endowed with
natural gas. Following are some of the important gas fields
(a) Natural
Gas Deposits At Sui
It is the biggest deposit of natural
gas in our country. It is situated in Sibbi district of Baluchistan. This gas
field is considered as one of the biggest gas fields of the world and gas is
being supplied to different parts of our country from this field through pipe
lines.
(b) Dhullian
Gas Field
Mineral oil has been discovered at
this place in 1937, so Attock Oil Company, while searching for more oil, found
natural gas at this field in 1994.
(c) Meyal Gas
Field(Dist.Attock ,Punjab)
Pakistan Oil Field Ltd. Company
discovered both oil and gas at this place in 1968. Gas is being supplied
through a pipe line for the industrial areas around Rawalpindi.
(d) Mari-Sari
–Hundi
Mari-Sari-Hundi are also the gas
fields from which gas is being supplied for various other purposes and also to
three fertilizer factories.
(e) Toot Gas
Field (Dist.Attock,Punjab)
Natural gas has also been found at
toot and it is being used since 1980.
Recently gas has been discovered at Dhabi South Sonoro, Bukhari, Matil and Jabo in Sindh and at Makhdompur in Punjab.
Recently gas has been discovered at Dhabi South Sonoro, Bukhari, Matil and Jabo in Sindh and at Makhdompur in Punjab.
Total
Reserved And Production
The recoverable reserves of natural
gas are estimated at 542.505 billion cubic meres. During the first nine months
of 1991-92 the production was 11543.19 million cubic mores as against 10932.92
million cubic meres during the same period in the previous year showing an
increase 5.58%. The country produces about 1.5 billion cubic feet of gas per
day.
(D) HYDRO-ELECTRIC
POWER
The hydro-electric potential of
Pakistan, substantial part of which has now been harnessed, is mostly located
in the hilly north-western areas, where the different lated terrain provides
natural sites for dams. Some sites in the plains have also been developed by
utilizing fall in rivers and canals. While the use of the three eastern rivers
has, as a result of the Indus Water Treaty, passed to India, the hydro-electric
potential of the three western rivers, the Indus,the Jhelum and the Chenab has
been estimated at 30 million Kw. Following are the main hydro projects of our
country:
1.The Tarbela
Power Station
When it comes into full operation it
will have the largest capacity and generation. The installed capacity of our
units presently in operation 700 MW,and generation 4,129 MKWHS.
2.The Mangla
Power Station
This power station will ultimetly
have an installed capacity of 1,000 million watts in ten sets of 100,000 KW
each. The first three generating sets, each of 100,000 KW, were installed as part
of the Indus Basin Plan and the other four have been added later by WAPDA.
3.The Warsak
Power Station
It has six units with a total
capacity of 240 MW. The turbines are fed by a concrete lined tunnel from the 46
metre high dam. This station was one of the major sources of hydro-electric
power before the completion of Mangla and Tarbela.
4.The
Malakand And Dargai Power Stations
They produced electricity from falls
in the upper Swat Canal. Water is taken back into the canal from the Malakand
station to feed the power house at Dargai. Malakand station was completed in
1938 ,with an installed capacity of 16,700 KW, and this was to 80,000 KW in
1952. Dargai also has an installed capacity of 80,000 KW.
5.The Rasul
Project:
This project was started in 1946,with
the limited purpose of feeding 1860 tube -wells in Gujrat and Sargodha. The
scheme was later modified to meet the requirements of the Punjab, before the
completion of Warsak power station. The water in the 3-km power channel is
taken from the Upper Jhelum Canal, and after passing through the turbine,
joines the Lower Jhelum Canal.
6.The
Chichoki Mallian Power Station
This station is located on the upper
Chenab Canal about 48 km from Lahore,and in the event of a power failure on the
main grid,can be isolated to supply the city.
7.The
Shadiwal Power Station
It is located on the upper Jhelum
Canal near Gujrat.
8.The
Nandipur Power Station
It is located on the upper chenab
canal,about 7 miles north-west of Gujrat.
9.The Kurram
and Garhi Station
These stations are on the irrigation
canal taken out from the kurram River. About 40,000 KW of electricity is being
produced from this project which is providing the needs of Kohat and Dera
Ismail Khan divisions.
Energy Generation:(million Kwh)
1989-90 – 16925
1990-91 – 18298
1991-92 – 13724
(July to March)
Future Hydro Plans of WAPDA
Detailed engineering of the Kalabagh
Dam Project is in progress. The Kalabagh Hydle Power Station will be built
about 12 miles upward from Kalabagh city on River Indus; It will have a
capacity of about 1800 MW.Stage-I of 880 MW is planned to be completed in 1993
and stage-II in 1996. A reservoir at Thal has been planned to firm Tarbela
Power by about 200 MW in the low-water months.Besides,hydro potential estimated
at 60 MW available on the Chashma-jhelum link Canal is also planned for
exploitation.
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