Ethyne C2H2
Introduction
Organic compounds, which are
composed, of only carbon and hydrogen atoms are known as hydrocarbons. Those
hydrocarbons in which all the valencies of carbon atom are not fulfilled by
hydrogen atoms and triple bond is present between two carbon atoms are known as
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon or alkynes.
The first member of alkyne family
composed of two carbon and two hydrogen atoms and is known as Ethyne or
Acetylene.
Structure of Ethyne
Ethyne is a unsaturated hydrocarbon,
which is composed of two carbon and two hydrogen atoms. Its molecular formula
is C2H2. The structural formula of ethyne shows that each carbon contains one
hydrogen atom and triple bond is present between two carbon atoms.
HC ≡ CH
Each carbon atom of ethyne is Sp
hyberidized which contains two equivalent partially fill Sp hybrid orbitals and
two unhyberidized P orbital. The hybrid orbitals are arranged at the two
corners of linear structure with an angle of 180º.
One Sp hybrid orbitals of each carbon
atoms overlap with s atomic orbitals of hydrogen atoms to form a sigma bond
between C – H due to the overlapping of Sp – S orbitals. The remaining Sp
hybrid of each carbon atom overlap with the Sp hybrid orbital of other carbon
atom to form sigma bond between C – C due to the overlapping of Sp – Sp.
The unhyberidized P orbital of each carbon atom are situated perpendicular to the Sp plane and parallel to the unhyberidized Pz orbitals of other carbon atom. The unhyberidized P orbitals of two different carbon atoms overlap side by side to form pi bonds between carbon atoms.
The unhyberidized P orbital of each carbon atom are situated perpendicular to the Sp plane and parallel to the unhyberidized Pz orbitals of other carbon atom. The unhyberidized P orbitals of two different carbon atoms overlap side by side to form pi bonds between carbon atoms.
Diagram Coming Soon
Therfore in ethyne one sigma and two
pi bonds are present between carbon atoms.
Diagram Coming Soon
Preparation of Ethyne
Ethyne can be prepared by the
following methods.
1. From Dehalogenation of Tetra Halo Ethane
Removal of halogen from a compound is
called Dehalogenation. When tetra halo ethane reacts with powdered zinc metal,
then dehalogenation takes place as a result ethyne is formed.
C2H2X4 + 2Zn —-> HC ≡ CH + 2ZnX2
C2H2Cl4 + 2Zn —-> HC ≡ CH + 2ZnCl2
2. From Dehydrohalogenation of Vicinal Dihalide
Removal of hydrogen halide from a
compound is called Dehydrogenation. Those dihalides in which halogen atoms are
present at two adjacent carbon atoms are called vicinal di halides. When
vicinal dihalide (1, 2 – dihalo ethane) reacts with alcoholic potash (KOH) then
dehydrohalogenation takes place as a result ethyne is formed.
C2H4X2 + 2KOH —-> HC ≡ CH + 2H2O + 2KX
C2H4Cl2 + 2KOH —-> HC ≡ CH + 2H2O + 2KCl
3. From Calcium Carbide
When Calcium Carbide (CaC2) reacts
with cold water then ethyne is formed.
Physical Properties
1. At ordinary temperature and
pressure, ethyne exist as colourless gas with sweet smell.
2. Ethyne gas is sparingly soluble in
water but easily soluble in organic solvents.
3. It is less denser than air.
4. Liquid ethyne is unstable in
nature.
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