Two Nation Theory | XII – Class Pakistan Study Notes

Two Nation Theory

Meaning of Two Nation Theory

The Two Nation Theory in its simplest way means the cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities. Hindus and Muslims of the Sub Continent. These difference of out look ,in fact, were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of India into two independent states.

THE BASIS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN

The Two Nation Theory was the basis of the struggle for creation of Pakistan which held that Hindus and Muslims are two separate Nations. They in spite of living together for centuries could not forget their individual cultures and civilization. Al-Beruni recorded his ideas in 1001 A.D in his famous book “Kitab-ul-Hind” as:

“The Hindus society maintained this peculiar character over the centuries. The two societies, Hindus and Muslims, like two streams have sometimes touched but never merged, each following its separate course.”

There are a few factors which split the inhabitants of the Sub Continent into two Nations. Let us examine each of them separately.

1. Religious Differences

The Hindus and Muslims belong to different religions. Islam preaches Tawheed (oneness of Allah) and believes in equality of man before law. Muslims are the believers of God, The Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) the Holy Book Quran and hold a cohesive approach towards life.

Hinduism, on the other hand is based on the concept of multiple Gods. Their society follows a caste system and is divided into four classes and have a very narrow approach towards life.

2. Hindu Nationalism

A number of Hindu nationalist movements, which emerged from time to time in the Indian history, added fuel to the fire by playing up the tension and antagonism which already existed between the two communities.

The Hindu nationalist leaders totally ignored the great contribution made by the Muslims in the Indian society by way of promoting education and other social activities. Their writings and ideas flared up the communal discord between Hindus and Muslims to further pollute the political condition.

3. Cultural Differences

Muslim followed the Islamic culture while Hindus inherited a self build culture. The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslims burred them. Hindus considered the ‘Mother cow’ as a sacred animal and worshiped it while Muslims slaughtered it. they performed ‘sati’ while Muslims abhorred this tradition .The Hindus and Muslims did not intermarry nor they inter-dine.

4. Social Differences

The two communities of the Sub Continent differ in their social life as well. The clothes, the foods, the household utensils, the layout of homes, the words of salutation, the gestures and every thing about them was different and immediately pointed to their distinctive origin.

5. Economics Differences

After 1857,the Muslim economic was crushed and all trade policies were framed in such a way so as to determent the Muslim condition .They were thrown out of Government services and the their estates and properties were confiscated, while the Hindus were provided with ample opportunities to progress economically.

6. Educational Differences

The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly and readily took the English education. While Muslims did not receive modern education which heavily affected their economic conditions.

7. Political Differences

The political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an important role in the development and evolution of Two Nation Theory.

(i) Hindi Urdu Controversy

In 1867,Hindus demanded that Urdu should be written in Hindi Script instead of Persian script. This created another gap between Hindus and Muslims.

(ii) Congress Attitude

The Indian national Congress was founded in 1885.It claimed to represent all communities of India but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus.

(iii) Partition of Bengal

In 1905,the partition of Bengal ensured a number of political benefits for the Muslims, but the Hindus launched an agitation against the partition and partition was annulled in 1911.

8. Language

The Muslims and Hindus wrote and spoke two different languages .The language of the former was Urdu and it was written in Arabic Script. On the other hand ,the Hindi language was spoken by Hindus and it was written in Sanskrit. Urdu and Hindi language had the difference in writing, thoughts of poetry, arts, painting and words of music. Even this small difference lead to a stirring conflict between the two nations.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan-The Pioneer of Two Nation Theory

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the pioneer of two nation theory, used the word ‘two nation’ for Hindus and Muslims after being convinced of the Hindus and Congress hatred, hostility and prejudice for the Muslims.

The entire freedom movement revolved around the two nation theory which was introduced by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He considered all those lived in India as one nation and was a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity. Speaking at the meeting of Indian Association he said:

“I look to both Hindus and Muslims with the same eyes and consider them as my own eyes. By the word ‘Nation’ I mean only Hindus and Muslims and nothing else, We, Hindus and Muslims live together on the same soil under the same government. Our interests and problems are common, and therefore, I consider the two factions as one nation.”

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan did his best to make the Muslims realize their differences with the Hindus with regard to religions, social and language national and international identity and for this purpose he diverted attention of the Indian Muslims towards a new idea of “Two Nation” or “Two entities.”

After Hindi-Urdu controversy Sir Syed felt that it was not possible for Hindus and Muslims to progress as a single nation. He said:

” I am convinced now that Hindus and Muslims could never become one nation as their religion and way of life was quite distinct from each other.”

TWO NATION THEORY IN THE VIEW OF ALLAMA IQBAL

Allama Iqbal was the first important figure who propounded the idea of separate homeland on the basis of two nation theory. He firmly believed in the separate identity of the Muslims as a nation and suggested that there would be no possibility of peace in the country unless and until they were recognized as a nation. In the annual session of Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930, he said:

“India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages and professing different religions … I, therefore, demand the formation of a consolidated Muslim state in the best interests of the Muslims of India and Islam.”

QUAID-E-AZAM’S STATEMENT ON TWO NATION THEORY

The most clear and emphatic exposition is found in Jinnah’s statement and speeches. He expounded the two nation theory in such detail that most Muslims and even some Hindus came to believe in its truth. He declared:

” Muslims are not a minority; They are one nation by every definition of the word nation. By all canons of international law we are a nation.”

Quaid-e-Azam reiterated that Hindus and Muslims could ever evolve a common nationality was on idle dream. They are a totally different nation .They have an unbridgeable gulf between them and they stand miles apart in regards to their ideals, culture and religion. In 1973,he said:

“Hindustan is neither one country, nor its inhabitant’s one nation. This is Sub Continent which consist of many nations of which the Hindus and Muslims are two major nations.”

CONCLUSION

The Muslims apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of Hindu society. They also came to realize the above mentioned differences between them and the Hindus and hence demanded separate electorate on the ground that they were different nation from Hindus.

Hence it is right to say that this theory i.e two nation theory is the basis of the creation of Pakistan because without this as a base, Pakistan would not come into being on 14th August, 1947, and we would not be breathing freely in this open air of Pakistan.

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The Roll of Quaid-e-Azam | XII – Class Pakistan Study Notes

The Roll of Quaid-e-Azam

PRELUDE

The services and dynamic leadership of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan Movement need no introduction. In this movement, the personality of Quaid-e-Azam and his immense struggle made the thought pall of the foundation of Pakistan easy and finally, the Muslims of India were successful in reading their destination for which they underwent a long journey under the Quaid.

THE SERVICES OF QUAID-E-AZAM

1. Politics

During his stay in London, Muhammad Ali Jinnah thoroughly studied the British Parliament. He also remained the private secretary Dadabhoy Noorogi. He became the member of Indian National Congress in 1906 till 1909.Due to these activities his political understanding and his abilities in law had become a Universal truth. Therefore, when the elections of Legislative council took place under Minto-Morley Reforms, so the Quaid-e-Azam become the member of Council from Bombay. This was Quaid-e-Azam’s first step in politics.

2. Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity

Quaid-e-Azam was called the “Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity”, because he thought it was important for the independence of Sub Continent that there is complete unity among the Muslim and Hindus. In 1913,when he became the member of Muslim League, he made hectic efforts for the unity.

3. Lucknow Pact

In 1916,the joint session of the Muslim League and congress was held in Lucknow. On this historical occasion, an agreement was signed between the Muslims and Hindus leaders which could lay the foundation of Hindu Muslim unity, this agreement is known as Lucknow pact. The man who was behind this was Quaid-e-Azam.

4. Quaid-e-Azam’s Fourteen Points

In 1928,Pundit Moti lal Nehru, presented a report which turned down all the Muslims demand. On the reply of Nehru report, Quaid-e-Azam made a chart of minimum demands of Muslims and it was known as” Quaid-e-Azam’s Fourteen Points”. This was the certainly the right answer to the Nehru report.

5. Presidentship of Muslim League

In 1933,Quaid-e-Azam was elected as the permanent President of Muslim League due to which he permanently came back to India in October 1935 and remained busy in the reconstruction of Muslim League.

6. Government of India Act (1935) and Elections of 1937

Quaid-e-Azam made some speeches in favour of Government of India act (1935), due to which the British Government accepted this act. According to Indian Act the provincial elections were scheduled in 1935.Quaid-e-Azam travelled throughout the country for the elections campaign so that he could unite the Muslims opinion but his efforts did not proved to be successful. The Muslims suffered defeat even in Muslim majority areas. However, Quaid-e-Azam remained hard as rock during these difficult times.

7. Popularity of League and Jinnah

When the Muslims of majority provinces observed the rational attitude of the Congrss, they tried to make the Muslim League effective and influential. Therefore, Punjab, Bengal and Sindh became near to Jinnah and the Muslims of these areas decided to work under the Muslim League.

8. Pakistan Resolution

On 23rd March 1940,the historical session of the Muslim League was held under the chairmanship of Mr. Jinnah at Minto Park, Lahore. At this historical occasion a resolution known as Pakistan Resolution was passed in which the Muslims demand for the first separate independent homeland.

9. Jinnah -Gandhi Talks (1944)

Gandhi held talks with Jinnah to discuss about the future of India, but no fruitful results came out of its because Gandhi did not accept Muslims as a separate nation.

Louis Fleisher wrote:

“The wall between Jinnah and Gandhi was the Two Nation Theory.”

10. Simla Conference-1945

Lord Wavell called a conference at Simla. The conference failed to achieve any purpose due to one-sided attitude of Lord Wavell. In this conference Quaid-e-Azam made it crystal clear that only the Muslim League can represent Muslims of India.

11. General Elections -1945-1946

Elections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in 1945-1946 in which Muslim League won 30 seats of central legislative meant for Muslims and 430 seats out of 495 in the provincial legislative .Quad said this occasion:

“I have no doubt now the achievement of Pakistan. The Muslims of India told the world what they want. No power of world can topple the opinion of 10 crore Muslims of India.”

12. Formation of Pakistan

On 14th August ,1947,Pakistan came into being as a separate self-governing Dominion and the Quaid became the first Governor General of Pakistan.

13. Problems of Pakistan and Jinnah

The problems which the Quaid-e-Azam had to face as Governor General of Pakistan were not only due to the happenings in East Punjab and to provide shelter for the millions of refugees. What immensely increased the difficulties of the new state was the fact that it had yet to organize itself.

DEATH OF THE GREAT LEADER

It was due to immense hard work for the Muslims that his health failed. The great leader breathed his last on 11th September 1948 and was buried at Karachi. His demise was mourned not only by Pakistan but by the whole world.

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Steps towards Islamization in Pakistan taken by the Government | XII – Class Pakistan Study Notes

Steps towards Islamization in Pakistan taken by the Government

Prelude

Pakistan is an ideological state that was founded on the principle that Muslims would lead their lives according to Islam. All the laws made and implemented in this country have been designed keeping in view the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah said:

“It is my belief that our salutation lies in following the golden rules of conduct set for us by our great law given by the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) of Islam. Let us lay the foundation of our democracy on the basis of truly Islamic ideals and principles. Almighty Allah taught us that the decisions in the affairs shall be guided by discussion and consultation.”

All the constitutions that have been implemented in our country (1956, 1965 and 1973) have Islamic Provisions. The Government of Pakistan has taken the following steps to introduce Islamic Laws in Pakistan:

1. Hudood Ordinance

Hudood Ordinance was introduced in the country in 1977. In the light of Hudood Ordinance, various punishments were prescribed for different crimes. The word Hudood means the punishment which has been prescribed in the light of Holy Quran.

According to the Hudood Ordinance manufacture, export, import and use of alcohols has been prohibited. Any person found guilty is liable of punishment of 30 lashes and 5 years imprisonment.

The second Hadood Law is concerned with the crime of theft.

The third Hadood law is meant for adultery (Zina-bil-Raza) and rape (Zina-bil-Jabar), whose punishment is stoning the adulter to death.

2. Zakat and Ushr Ordinance

Zakat and Ushr Ordinance was promulgated in the country on June 20, 1980. According to the ordinance, Zakat Fund was established to collect zakat donations. It was made compulsory for every Sahib-e-Nisab Muslim to pay Zakat by depositing 10 percent of money in one’s bank account.

Ushr is the tax levied on yield of agricultural land in cash or kind. According to Ushr Ordinance, every owner who ploughs and cultivates land was made bound to deposit 10 percent of his earnings in cash or kind, as Ushr.

3. Establishment of Federal Sharia Courts

Federal Sharia Courts were established by the government, which was considered a highly important step. These courts decide various issues brought before it in the light of Holy Quran and Sunnah. Any citizen can challenge any law of the country in the Sharia Court where one has to prove that a certain law is against the teachings of Islam. If proved, the law can be declared as unislamic and removed.

4. Interest Free Banking

In January 1981, interest free banking was introduced in Pakistan. According to this system, the account holder partners with the bank in profit and loss and shares risk according to one’s investment in the bank.

5. Teaching of Islamic and Pakistan Studies

The University Grants Commission instructed all the universities and education boards to introduce Islamic and Pakistan Studies as compulsory subjects. They were introduced in intermediate, graduation and post graduation course, so that our education system becomes compatible with the ideology of Pakistan.

6. Establishment of Islamic University

Sharia faculties have been established in various universities for the promotion of Islamic teachings. The function of Jamia-e-Bahawalpur was streamlined and an Islamic University was established in Islamabad.

7. New Education Policy

In April 1979, a new education policy was introduced on the basis of Islamic concepts and the ideology of Pakistan. In the light of the new policy, women universities were to be set up in Lahore and Karachi.

8. Anti Islamic Literature

A ban has been put on the printing, distribution and sales of all kinds of literature that is likely to propagate against the ideology of Pakistan or that gives rise to provincial, lingual or sectarian violence.

9. Nizam-e-Salat and Azan

Nizam-e-Salat was promulgated to persuade general public and government employees to pray five times a day. Also, arrangements for Azan on radio and television were made.

Conclusion

The above steps taken by the government towards Islamization in the country will certainly lead the nation to progress and prosperity as prescribed by the Holy Quran and Sunnah.

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Short Questions and Answers | XII – Class Pakistan Study Notes

Short Questions and Answers

1.Who was the first president of Islamic Republic of Pakistan?

Ans.The first President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was Iskandar Mirza.

2.Of which organization is UNICEF the the abbreviated forms?

Ans.UNICEF is one of the specialized agencies of united nations and dis the abbreviated form of “United Nations International Children Emergency Fund.”

3.Which Institution was inaugurated by Quaid-e-Azam in July 1948?

Ans.The State Bank of Pakistan was inaugurated by Quaid-e-Azam in July 1948.

4.Name the rivers on which the Mangla Dam and the Tarbela Dam are built.

Ans.Tarbela Dam is built on River Indus and Mangla Dam is built on River Jhelum.

5.Name two famous poets of Pushto language.

Ans.The famous and popular poets of Pushto language are:

(i) Kazim Khan Shaida

(ii) Rehman Baba

6.Who are the famous poets of Sindhi language.

Ans.The famous and popular poets of Sindhi language are:

(i) Syed Abdul Karim Mohammad Hashim

(ii) Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai

(iii) Sachal Sarmast

(iv) Pir Mohammad

(v) Makhdoom Noah

(vi) Makhdoom Ahmed Bhitai

7.Who are the famous poets of Punjabi language?

Ans.The names of famous poets of punjabi language are given below:

(i) Sultan Bahu

(ii) Bullah Shah

(iii) Shah Hussain

(iv) Waris Shah

(v) Madho Lal Hussain

(vi) Ghulam Farid

8.Was the constitution of 1962 of presidential or parlimentary type?

Ans.The constitution of 1962 introduced the presidential form of Government.

9.Name the natural regions of Pakistan.

Ans.Pakistan is divided into six natural regions.

(i) Northern Mountain Range

(ii) Mountains of Western Frontier

(iii) Plateau of Potowar and Salt Range

(iv) The Plateau of Baluchistan

(v) Upper Indus Plain

(vi) Lower Indus Plain

10.Write the objectives of U.N.O.

Ans. The main aims and objectives of United Nations (UNO) are:

(i) The first and foremost aim of U.N.O is to prevent war and maintain peace in the world through collective efforts.

(ii) To create good will among the nation of the world through economics, social, political dn humanitarism means.

(iii) To eraclicate the evils of caste, colour and creed by means of education.

(iv) Cultivation of friendly relations among the people on the basis of equality and the principle of self-determination.

(v) Preservation of human rights and fundamental freedom all over the world.

11.Of which organization is R.C.D the abbreviated from?What is it new name?

Ans. R.C.D is the abbreviated form of “Regional cooperation Development”. The new name is E.C.O (Economic Cooperation Organization).

12.Describe briefly the causes that led to the creation of All Muslim League?

Ans.Following are the causes of the formation of All India Muslim League:

(i) Congress-A Hindu Organisation:

Hume laid the foundation of Indian National Congress in 1885,But Congress by its policy and propaganda proved itself a Hindu Organisation.

(ii) UnHappy Events of partition of Bengal:

Hindu’s attitude towards Muslim intrest and the partition of bengal had exposed Hindu feelings beyond any doubt.

(iii) Safeguard for Urdu:

Urdu-Hindi controversy was one of the causes of the creation of Muslim League.

(iv) Propaganda against Islam:

Some Hindu leaders had raised the slogan “India is for Hindus only”.They started propaganda against Islam and Muslims.

13.Whwn,Where and with whom did the members of the Simla Delegation go to meet?

Ans.On 1st Oct.1906 ,a Muslim deputation consisting of 35 representative met the Viceroy Lord Minto at simla and presented some demands of Muslims.The viceroy gave a patient hearing to the demands of the Muslims presented by the Simla Delegation and he promised to give athetic consideration to the demands of Muslims and assured them that the intrests of the Muslims would be safeguard.

14.When and why was the Khilafat Movement started?Who were the leaders of the Movement?

Ans.After the first world war ,the fate of Ottoman Turkish Empire (Khalifa) was sealed.The Turkish Sultans had claimed to the Caliphs of the Muslim World.The general impression among the Muslims was that the Western Powers were waging a war against Islam to rob it of all its powers.Muslims of South India took up courage and started “Khilafat Movement in 1919,its aim was to:

(i) To save Khilafat

(ii) To protect Holy Cities from non-Muslim control

The leaders of Khilafat Movement were:

(i) Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar

(ii) Maulana Shaukat Ali

(iii) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

15.What do you know about the regional languages of Pakistan?

Ans.The general elections for the central lagisleture Assembly were held in India in December ,1945.The Muslim League won 86.6% of the total Muslim seats.Out of total 102 seats in the central Assaembly ,the Muslim league won 30 seats.

17.Write names of the member countries of the SAARC organization.

Ans.The following are the member countries of SAARC:

(i) India

(ii) Pakistan

(iii) Bangladesh

(iv) Sri Lanka

(v) Nepal

(vi) Bhutan

(vii) Maldives

18.When and which treaty was signed between India and Pakistan with respect to canal water dispute?

Ans.The water dispute had its origin in the partiton of Punjab.It came to light on April 1,1948,when India cut off the flow of canal water to West Punjab in Pakistan,causing a great threat of famine and loss of corps in West Punjab.

With the Intervention of World Bank,On September 19,1960,an agreement was concluded between the countries which is known as “Indus Basin Treaty”.The treaty was signed by President Ayub Khan from Pakistan side and by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru from India in 1961.According to this agreement the Chenab,Jhelum and the Indus rivers were allocated to Pakistan and three Eastern rivers Sutluj,Bias and Ravi were given to India.

19.When and where as the first session of the All India Muslim League held?

Ans.The first session of the All India Muslim League was held at Karachi on 29th and 30th December,1907.

20.When and Who dissolved the first constituent Assembly of Pakistan?

Ans.The first constituent Assembly of Pakistan was dismissed by then the Governor General Ghulam Mohammad on Oct. 24th,1954.

21.When and Where was Allama Iqbal born?

Ans.Allam Iqbal was born on 9th November 1877 in Sialkot.

22.Name any two cash crops of Pakistan?

Ans.Cash crops supply raw material to industries,Foriegn exchange is also earned through export of these corps.The cash-crops of Pakistan are:

(i) Cotton

(ii) Sugar-Cane

23.How many administrative divisions are there in Sindh?

Ans.There are four administrative divisions in Sindh.

24.Name the main Industries of Pakistan?

Ans.The main Industries of Pakistan are:

(i) Textile Industries

(ii) Cement Industries

(iii) Paper Industries

(iv) Sugar Industries

(v) Steel Industries

(vi) Fertilizer’s Factories

25.On what date was the day of deliverance observed as announced by the Quaid-e-Azam ?

Ans.When the Congress ministers,resigned in October,1939,the Quaid-e-Azam appealed to the Muslims of India to observe a “Deliverance Day” On Dec. 22,1939 and expressed their relief at the terminatio of Congress rule which had been too hostile during the last two years.He also appealed that the Day should be observed peacefully.The Deliverance Day was observed peacefully throughout the country.

26.When was the Zakat System introduced in Pakistan?

Ans..The Zakat System was introduced in the country through the Zakat and Ushr Ordinance on June 20,1980.According to this ordinance,zakat fund would be established to collect these sorts of gifts and it was compulsory for every sahib-e-nisab Muslim whetehr male or female to pay zakat by deducting it from his or her account in the bank.

27.Name the first casts of Hindu Society?

Ans.The Hindu Society was divided into the following four casts:

(i) Brahman

(ii) Khatri

(iii) Vaish

(iv) Shooder

28.Which caste is respected the most in the Hindu Society?

Ans.The Brahman’s are considered the most superior in the Hindu society.

29.What are the works given to the Khatris?

Ans.The occupation of Khatris was to fight and defend the country.

30.What is the occupation of Vaish?

Ans.The people of the Vaish caste are farmerstraders ,industrialist and artisans.

31.What was the occupation of Shooder?

Ans.The people of Shooder caste were considered the lowest of other casts.They had to serve the other castes,i.e they were slaved.

32.How did Urdu language came into being?

Ans.The Mughal army consisted of people belonging to different communities of India and speaking different languages. By intermingling of these people,a new language by the name of Urdu came into existance.

33.Name the Sufi’s who worked for the spread of Islam in South Asia?

Ans.The Sufi’s and Saints who worked for the spreading of Islam in South Asia are:

(i) Hazrat Data Ganj Baksh

(ii) Khuwaja Moeenuddin Chishti

(iii) Hazrat Mujaddid Alif Sani

(iv) Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalander

(v) Hazrat BahaUddin Zakaria

34.What do you mean by “Ideology of Pakistan”.?

Ans.Pakistan came into existence of the basis of one ideology and this ideology refers that Islam is the religion of all the Muslims and this Islamic ideology is the idiology of Pakistan,

35.Which province did not have any constitution during the British rule?

Ans.The British had made North West Frontier Province as “Non-Constitutional Land”.

36.When did Partition of Bengal take place and benefited from it?When and had did the annulment of partition took place?

Ans.The Partition of Bengal took place in 1905 and this was the first right step taken by the British towards the intrests of Muslims,but the narrow-minded Hindus could not bear this and due to thier opposition the annulment of partition took place in 1911.

37.Why did the Muslims not accept the Nehru Report?

Ans.In the Nehru Report,the Hindus did no respect the rights and intrests of Muslims and not fulfilled the promises made by them.Therefore,the Muslims did not accept the Nehru Report.

38.Why did Quaid-e-Azam presented his fourteen points?

Ans.Quaid-e-Azam presented his fourteen points in reply to the Nehru Report.

39.Why did the round table conference failed?

Ans.The Round Table Conference failed due to the narrow-mindedness and negative attitude of the Hindus.

40.Write down the points of the Indian Independence Act of 1947?

Ans.The important points of Indian Independence Act are:

(i) The legislative supremacy of the two dominions.

(ii) The legislatures of the two Dominions were given full powers to make laws having extra-territorial jurisdiction.

(iii) The British Government was to have no control over the affairs of the Dominions.Provinces or any part of the Dominions after 15th August,1947.

41.What were the important points of third June Plan?

Ans.The important points of third June Plan was are as follows:

(i) India was to be divided into Hindustan And Pakistan.

(ii) Pakistan was to comprise the Muslim majority areas with a right to secede from the rest of India.

(iii) The Muslims majority areas would be demarcated by a Joint Boundary Commission.

(iv) Bengal would be partitioned into Muslim and Hindu majority areas.

42.Which party formed the Government of Britain when the sub-continent was partitioned?

Ans.The Labour Party ruled the Government of Britain when India was partitioned.

43.Write the name of some Muslim Leaders who worked during the Pakistan Movements?

Ans.(i) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

(ii) Nawab Salim Ullah

(iii) Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk

(iv) Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk

(v) Sir Agha Khan

(vi) Allama Iqbal

(vii) Quaid-e-Azam

44.During the World War II,what promise did the British Government made towards the people of sub-continent?

Ans.The British Government promised the people of sub-continent that India will be partitioned after the end of the Second World War.

45.How many Resolutions did the U.N passed regarding Kashmir problem?

Ans.The Security Council of United Nations passed two Resolutins on 17th August,1948 and 5th January,1949.

46.What did Quaid-e-Azam said about Radcliff Commission?’

Ans.The Quaid-e-Azam remarked about Radcliff Commission or Radcliff award:

“The award was a parting Kick of the British Government.”

47.What was the percentage of Muslims in Jammu and Kashmir according to the census of 1941?

Ans.According to the census of 1941,the Muslim population in Kashmir was 96% and in Jammu,it was 70%.

48.What do you know about Mohammad Ali Bogra Formula?

Ans.In the period of third Prime Minister,Mr.Mohammad Ali Bogra,great efforts were made for the preparation of the constitution in the light of the recommendations of the committee he was able to prepare a draft bill of the constitution which is known as “Mohammad Ali Bogra’s Formula”.In this formula,it was suggested to give equal representation to East and West Pakistan.

49.When was the objective resolution passed?

Ans.The objective resolution was passed on 12th March,1949 in the Constituent Assembly.

50.Which event took place in the history of constitution making of Pakistan 1955?

Ans.It was hoped that after Mohammad Ali Bogra Formula,a constitution would be made in the country but in 1954,the Governer General dismissed the Constituent Assembly and in 1955,a new constituent Assembly was elected which started the work of constitution making.

51.How long did the 1956 constitution last?

Ans.The constitution of 1956 lasted for only two and a half years.On 7th October,1958,the army took over the Government.

52.According to the constitution of 1962,name the council that was established to point out the non-Islamic things.

Ans.The Council which was established to point out the non-Islamic things is known as “Islamic Ideology Council”.

53.How long did the constitution of 1962 last?

Ans.This constituted lasted for 7 years.On 25th March,1969,Ayub Khan resigned and gave the power to the army.General Yahya Khan dismissed the 1962 constitution and enforceed Martial Law in the country.

54.When was the legal frame work Order issue?

Ans.The legal frame work Order was issued on March 30th,1970.The said order contained the fundamental principles of the constitution to be framed by the elected assembly as well as the number of seats in National and Provincial Assembly for the General Elections to be held.

55.When were the Shariat Courts formed and where is its head office?

Ans.Shariat Courts were established in 1979 and its head office is at Islamabad.

56.When was the intrest-free banking system introduced in the country?

Ans.On 1st January,1981,an intrest-free banking system was introduced in the country.According to this system ,the account holder was made a partner with the bak in its profit or loss by sharing it according to his investments in the bank.

57.Under what circumstances did General Zia-ul-Haq took control of power on 5th July 1977.

Ans. The elections held in the country were not fair.The people started the Nizam-e-Mustafa Movement.The Government held discussion but no results were obtained.As a result,the army on 5th July 1977 took control of the power.

58.Give the location of Pakistan.

Ans. Pakistan is geographically located between 23.45 to 36.45 North Latitude and about 61 to 75.5 East longitude in South Asia .The country is sorrounded by Bharat in East,Afghanistan in the North West,Iran in the West and the Arabian Sea in the South.

59.How much is the area of Pakistan?

Ans. The total area of Pakistan is 796096 square kilometers.

60.What does the word “Doab” mean?

Ans.The land or space between two rivers is known as “Doab”.

61.Give a brief account of the seasons in Pakistan?

Ans.There are four seasons in Pakistan:

(i) Summer-From May till September

(ii) Winter-From November till February

(iii) Spring-The season of March and April

(iv) Autumn-September and October

62.Write down the names of some important departments of Government of Pakistan.

Ans.The important departments of Government of Pakistan are as follows:

(i) Foreign Office

(ii) Defence Department

(iii) Interior Ministry

(iv) Finance Department

(v) Education Department

(vi) Health Department

(vii) Communication Department

63.How does the Government controll the affairs of F.A.T.A (Federally Administered Tribal Areas)?

Ans.The Federal Government through its appointed agent keeps in touch with the leaders of Tribal Areas and Controls the system of these areas.The shol are comes under the control of jirgah.This is a council comprising of the religions and experienced people of these tribes.

64.What do you mean by Culture?

Ans.Culture is the history of the society and reflects its social past.Culture means behaviour peculiar to its human beings.Culture consists of languages,literature,ideas,beliefs,customs,habits,codes,dress,diet,art,moral,institution,laws,etc.

65.From which areas did civilized life begin?

Ans.Human civilization started from those areas where water,air and other geographics conditions were in much condition for life.Therefore,fertile valley of rivers include Dajla Dafrat(iraq) ,valley of Nite (Egypt) and Indus valley (Pakistan).The evolution of population started from these areas and civilised life began.

66.The land of Pakistan is famous of which civilizations?

Ans.The lanf of Pakistan is proud to have the birth of the historical civilization of the valley of Indus.This civilization was at its peak about four or five thousand years ago.

67.Which land do you mean by Indus Valley?

Ans.Indus Valley means those areas which are situated near the River Indus and its neighbouring Rivers.Its present name is Pakistan.

68.What do you mean by Gandhara Art?

Ans.The areas of Punjab and N.W.F.P which at present situated near Rawalpindi and Peshawar were in the old days given the name of Gandhara Civilization.About two and half thousand years ago,this civilization was at its peak whose art and culture especially art of painting and stone carving are famous.

69.Write down the names of certain important buildings of Muslim Era.

Ans.(i) The fort of Agra

(ii) Taj Mahal,Agra

(iii) Shahi Qila,Delhi

(iv) The tomb of Jehangir,Lahore

(v) Badshahi Masjid ,Lahore

(vi) Masjid Wazir Khan ,Lahore

(vii) Jamia Masjid,Thatta

70.What do you mean by imperialist system?

Ans.The Britishers brought an imperialist system.The Imperialist system means that local cultural and social agencies should be so bound by a political structure that they loose their identification.

71.When did the Muslims invade South Asia?

Ans.Muslims invaded South Asia in 712 A.D.When Mohammad bin Qasim defeated the army of Raja Dahir and established an Islamic Welfare State.

72.Which artist did Humayun brought back from Iran?

Ans.Humayun brought back to artist Mir Syed Ali Tabrezi and Khawaja Abdul Samad from Iran.

73.Which type of painting flourished during the era of Jehangir?

Ans.Jehangir had great intrest in the art of painting.He claimed that he can identify a painter by seeing his paintings in this era,this art was at its peak beautiful pictures of flowers ,paints,animals,birds and natural scenes were made.The pictures of war fighting are magnifitient examples of realistic art.

74.Who was the first musician of the Muslim era?

Ans. Amir Khusro was the first musician of the Muslim era.He invented many rags in music.

75.What did the extremist Hundu Movements wanted to do against the Muslims?

Ans.Hindu extremist Movement such as Shoodhi,Shungthan and Arya Samaj wanted to convert Muslims to Hindus and wanted diminish the separate identity and culture of the Muslims so that the Muslims could leave India.

76.What message did the Allama Iqbal gave to the Muslims of the sub-continent?

Ans.Allama Iqbal gave the message to the Muslims of India that they should develop the feeling of Islamic brotherhood and Jihad so that they could become independent.

77.What did Quiad-e-Azam said about the objective for the creation for Pakistan?

Ans.Quaid-e-Azam described the main objective of the creation of Pakistan in the following words:

“We have not demanded Pakistan only to get a piece of land,but our aim was to get a laboratory where we could practise the principles of Islam.”

78.Pakistani culture is a mixed culture.Comment.

Ans.Pakistani culture is a mixed culture .There is still some impact of foreign traditions in our society.We have adopted Western music and their style of living.Although majority of the people are Muslims ther is a mixed culture of Hindus,Britishers and Muslims.

79.The basis of Pakistani culture is on Islam.Comment.

Ans.Pakistan was established so that the Muslims could lead their lives according to the teachings and principles of Islam.Pakistani culture is predominantly an Islamic culture.Pakistan inspite of the differences of religion,language and customs commonly follow the religion of Islam.

80.What are the Pakistani arts?

Ans.Pakistani arts include the following:

(i) Stone Carving

(ii) Carpet Making

(iii) Embriodery

81.How many languages are spoken in Pakistan?

Ans.In Pakistan,about 30 small and big languages are spoken.These include Urdu,Sindhi,Pushto,Punjabi,Baluchi,Kashmiri and Brahvi.

82.What were the different names of Urdu in its different periods?

Ans.In the beginning Urdu was given the name Hindavi,Hindi and Hindustani.Later on,it was given the name Urdu-e-Moalla and Rekhta.And now it is given the name Urdu.

83.When did Pushto language begin?

Ans.Pushto is a language of N.W.F.P .The people speaking these languages are called Pukhtoon or pushtoon.This language started about 5000 years in Afghanistan.Bakhtar or Bakht.Due to this it was given the name Bakhto which later became Pukhto or Pushto.

84.Whom began Sindhi language in Arabic script?

Ans.Abul-Hasan Sindhi began Sindhi language in Arabic script.

85.Which things are distinct in Punjabi literature?

Ans.Folk tales are very popular in Punjabi literature.The poets gave these tales into poetic forms.These tales incude romances like Hir Raanjha,Sassi Panhu and Sohni Mahiwal.

86.Write down the names of famous Baluchi tales?

Ans.The famous tales of Baluchi language are:

(i) Chakar Khan

(ii) Hamal Rando -Hanaz

(iii) Berang-o-Grahan

(iv) Nazshah Hured Dahanni

87.Name three classical poets of Urdu.

Ans.The three classical poets of Urdu are:

(i) Mir Taqi Mir

(ii) Mirza Ghalib

(iii) Mir Dard

88.Who is considered as the first poet of Pushto?

Ans.Amir Karore is considered the first poet of Pushto.

89.Which languages influence Sindhi language?

Ans.Sindhi language is influenced by Darawdi,Sanskrit,Greek,Turkish,Pushto and other languages.

90.’Shah -jo-Risalo’ is the poetic collection of which poet?

Ans.Shah -jo-Risalo is poetic collection of famous Sindhi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai.

91.Which Civilization does Punjabi language has a link?

Ans.Punjabi has its links with Hadmai or Draudi civilization.

92.Name the different styles of of speech of Punjabi?

Ans.The different style of speech of Punjabi language are Mulsani,Saraiki,Shahpure,Potohari etc.

93.Name three classical poets of Punjabi.

Ans.Three classical poets of Punjabi are:

(i) Shah Hussain

(ii) Bulleh Shah

(iii) Sultan Bahu

94.Who wrote Heer Ranjha?

Ans.Hir Ranjha was written by Waris Shah.

95.Which is the famous book of Hashim Shah?

Ans.The famous tale of Hashim Shah is Sassi Panhu.

96.Which language does Baluchi link to?

Ans.Baluchi languages has its link with Aryan Languages.

97.Write down the different style of speeches of Baluchi?

Ans.The two styles of speeches of Baluchi are:

(i) Mehrani

(ii) Sulemani

98.Name the ascents of Kashmiri?

Ans.Kashmiri has many ascents.These are Sulemani,Hindki,Gandro and Gami but Gandro leads all the ascents.

99.Write down the salient features of the foreign policy of Pakistan.

Ans.The following are the fundamental principles of Pakistan’s foreign policy.

(i) Protection of freedom and sovereignity.

(ii) Close relations with Muslim countries.

(iii) Keeping away from big power politics.

(iv) Support for self-determination.

(v) Implementation of United Nations Charter.

(vi) Promotion of Peace and Friendship.

(vii) Non-Alignment.

100.Pakistan is the member of how many international organizations?

Ans.Pakistan is the active member of the following international organizations:

(i) United Nations Organisations.

(ii) Non-Aligned Movement(N.A.M)

(iii) Organization of Islamic Conference (O.I.C)

(iv) Economic Cooperation Organizatio(E.C.O)

101. When was the foundation of United Nations Laid?

Ans.The foundation of United Nations(U.N.O) was laid on 24th Oct.1945.

102.Name the organs of U.N.O?

Ans.The organs of U.N.O are:

(i) General Assembly

(ii) Security Council

(iii) Economic and Social Council

(iv) Trustee-Ship Council

(v) Secretariat

(vi) International Court of Justice

103.Name the agencies of U.N.

Ans.Ther are several specialized bodies are:

(i) UNICEF-United Nations Internation Children Emergency Fund.

(ii) UNESCO-United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organisations

(iii) FAO-Food and Agricultural Organisation

(iv) WHO-World Health Organisation

(v) ILO-International Labour Organisation.

(vi) WB-World Bank.

104.What is the objective of Non-Aligned Movement?

Ans.The main objective of Non-Aligned Movement was not to join any of the big powers and to keep away from big power politics.

105.When was the foundation of R.C.D laid?

Ans.In July 1964,Iran,Pakistan and Turky with mutual understanding laid the foundation of R.C.D (Regional Cooperation of Development).Now,Its new name is Economic Cooperation Organization(E.C.O).

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