Chapter 2
Short
Question Answers – Support and Locomotion
Q.1. What is Ecdysis?
Ans. The shedding of old exoskeleton
periodically and replace it with new one is called Ecdysis or Moulting.
Q.2. Give physiological significance of
skeleton?
Ans. Functions
Of Skeleton
It provides support the body.
It give body to a proper shape.
It protect many organ like brain,
spiral cord, heart, lungs etc.
It helps in movement due to the
presence of joints.
Long bones are the site of formation
of blood cells.
It provides surface for the
attachement of muscles.
It stores large amount of calcium.
Q.3. Explain genetical disorder of skeleton?
Ans. Genetical
Disorder
Cleft Palate:
A condition in which maxilla and palatine bones are fail to fuse. It appears as
persistent opening between oral and nasal activities.
Q.4. What is Osteroprosis?
Ans. It is common in women. It is
caused by deficiency of estrogen hormone. In this condition bones become porons
thin and weak and consequent easily breakable.
Q.5. Differentiate between Skeletal and
Smooth muscles?
Ans. Skeletal Muscles
They are attached with the skeleton.
They are voluntary in functions.
Eash muscles fiber has light and dark
stripes.
These muscles help in locomotion.
Smooth Muscles
They are found in visceral organs.
They are involuntary in function.
Muscle fiber does not have light and
dark stripes.
Each muscle fiber is spindle shaped.
Each muscle fiber has single muscle.
These muscles are for vital
activities.
Q.6. How Ca+2 ion help in skeletal muscle
contraction?
Ans. As we know that motor nerve
carry message for contraction and expansion towards skeletal muscles. When
message reaches to muscles fiber, Ca+2 channels open in sarcolema and lot of
Ca+2 ions are pumped inside the muscle fibers through their sarcolema. These
Ca+2 ions further pumped in myofibrils by sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca+2 ions
bind at troponin present on tropomyosin. In this way Ca+2 – troponin complex is
formed due to which tropomyosin changes its place on I-band. Now myosin binding
sites are exposed on I-band due to which I-band slides over A-band and an
actomyosin complex is formed. Now distance between two Z-bands (sarcomene)
decrease and whole fiber becomes short.
Q.7. Where calcium ions move during
expansion of muscle fiber? How skeletal muscles expand?
Ans. When message of expansion
reaches to muscle fiber, Ca+2 – troponin complex is formed due to which
tropomyosin changes its place on I-band. Now myosin binding sites are exposed
on I-band due to which I-band slides over A-band and an actomyosin complex is
formed. Now distance between two Z-bands (sarcomene) decrease and whole fiber
becomes short.
Q.8. Difference between Tetany and Cramps?
Ans.
Tetany: It
is a sudden any oluntary contraction of skeletal muscles. It is caused by low
level calcium in blood. It excites neurons which cause contraction of muscles.
This contraction is constant and called tetanus. Tetany of respiration organs
is often fatal.
Cramps: It
is commonly called muscle pull. It commonly occurs in linters. It is caused by dehydration,
electrolyte or a low sugar level in blood.
Q.9. Describe the mechanism on action or
shoulder joined.
Ans. Movement
Of Shoulder Joint: Shoulder
joint is ball socket joint. In this joint the head of humorous articulates with
glenoid cavity of scapula this articulation is called gleno humeral joint. This
articulation allows the movement of arms in various directions. Many sets of
antagonistic muscles are also associated with the shoulder protractor and
retractor muscles move the arm in forward and backward direction adductor and
abductor allow the arm to move away from the body or forwards the body and
rotators help the arm to rotate in all the directions even in a circle.
Q.10. How podia help in locomotion in star
fish?
Ans. In star fish locomoiton occurs
by means of tube feet. The ampullae of the tube feet contracts and the water of
the ampullae forced into the podia in this way suckers of podia attach to the
surface the tube feet now pryot forward on their attached suckers and there by
pushing the body forwards. The muscles oxpodra now contract and this forces
their fluid back into the ampullae and the release their suckers and whole
sequence of event repeated.
Q.11. What is the composition of exoskeleton
of arthropods?
Ans. In arthropods, the exoskeleton
is made up of carbohydrates protein complex called chitin.
Q.12. What are the advantages of exoskeketon
of arthropods?
Ans. Exoskeleton of arthropods have
many advantages, such as,
1. It provides surface for the
attachment of muscles.
2. The formation of joints helps in
locomotion.
Q.13. What are the disadvantages of
exoskeleton of arthropods?
Ans. Exoskeleton of arthropods have
some disadvantages, such as, it restrict the movement when become hard and
growth of the body.
Q.14. Where exoskeleton is situated and how
it is formed?
Ans. This skeleton is found outside
the body. It is hard and non-living. It is secreted from the epidermal cells of
the body.
Q.15. What is the biochemical composition of
exoskeleton?
Ans. Exoskeletons are made up of
different materials, for example, in single diatoms, it is made up of silica,
and where as mollusks as exoskeleton of CaCo.
Q.16. Where endoskeleton is formed?
Ans. The endoskeleton is found in
inside the body. It is commonly found in vertebrates, but in some invertebrates
endoskeleton is also found. For example, in sponges calcarious spicules are
found. In vertebrates endoskeleton of bones and sartilage is found.
Q.17. How many bones are found in human
body?
Ans. Endoskeleton of human being is
composed of 206 bones.
Q.18. In how many parts the human
endoskeleton can be divided?
Ans. Human endoskeleton can be
divided into axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
Q.19. How many bone are present in human
skull?
Ans. Skull consists of two parts.
Cranium and facial bones. Cranium or Brain Box is made up of Eigth (8) bones
where as Facial bone are 14.
Q.20. How many vertebrate are present in the
vertebral column and what are their divisions?
Ans. Vertebral Column consists of 33
vertebrate. Seven (7) vertebrate are in neck called Cervical vertebrate. Twelve
(12) vertebrate are in thorax called Thoracic vertebrate. Five vertebrate are
in back or lumber region called Lumber vertebrate. Five (5) fused vertebrate
from Sacrum in sacral region and four fused vertebrate form Coccyx.
Q.21. How many parts of the ribs are there?
Ans. In human there are twelve pairs
of ribs. Ten (10) pairs of ribs fuse with sternum called True Ribs. Two (2)
pairs of ribs never fuse with sternum and are called Floating Ribs.
Q.22. What is pectoral girdle?
Ans. Pectoral girdle is also called
Shoulder Girdle. It consists of scapula and clavicles. Forclimbs are attached
with the pectoral girdle.
Q.23. What is pelvic girdle?
Ans. Pelvic girdle is composed two
similar halves called Coxa or Innominate bones. Each part is formed by the
fusion of three bones i.e. ileum, pubis and ischium. Hind limbs are attached
with pelvic girdle.
Q.24. Give names of the bones of the fore
limbs and their numbers?
Ans. Each fore limb consists of 30
bones. One (1) Humorous, One (1) Radius and Ulna, Eight (8) Carples in Wrist,
Five (5) Metachipals in Palm and Fourtheen (14) Phalanges in Fingers and Thumb.
Q.25. Give names of the bones of the hind
limb and their numbers.
Ans. Each hind limb consists of 30
bones, One (1) Femurm Thigh, One (1) Tibia and Fibula in Shin, One (1) Patella
as Knee Cap, Seven (7) Tarsals in Ankle, Five (5) Metatarsals in Sole and
Fourteen (14) Phalanges in Fingers and Thumb.
Q.26. What is bone?
Ans. The bone is a rigid connective
tissue. It is composed of collagen fibers and hardness is due to by calcium
phosphate. Bone cells are called Osteocytes which are produced from
Osteoblasts.
Q.27. How many parts are there in long bones
and where RBC’s are formed?
Ans. Long bones of the body have a
compact part and a spongy part. Spongy part has bone marrow where RBC’s are
produced.
Q.28. What is cartilage?
Ans. The cartilage is a soft
connective tissue. It is composed of elastic collagen fibers. Cartilage forming
cells are called chondrocytes. Cartilages are found at the end of long bones,
external ear and tip of nose.
Q.29. How many types of cartilage are there?
Ans. There are two main types of cartilage
found in the body.
1. Hyalline Cartilage
2. Fibrous Cartilage
Q.30. Where is joint or articulation?
Ans. A point where two or more bones
are connected together is called joint or articulation.
Q.31. What is ligament and what is their
function?
Ans. The ligaments are connective
tissues which binds the two bones.
Q.32. What is synovial fluid and what is
their function?
Ans. The synovial fluid is a
lubricating fluid filled in moveable joints to reduce friction between two
joints.
Q.33. What is disc slip and what are its
effects?
Ans. Vertebrate are provided with
intervertebral discs which act as shock absorber. These discs are made up of
cartilage. When this cartilage ruptures and displaces due to trauma, the
condition is called disc slip. Due to these spinal nerves presses causing
severs pain.
Q.34. What is spondylosis and to which part
of the body it is related?
Ans. The spondylosis is related to
neck. In this condition the spaces between the two adjacent vertebrate decrease
which presses the spinal nerves, results in severe pain. The pain relived by
wearing hard collar.
Q.35. What is arthritis and what are their
signs and symptoms?
Ans. In arthritis the joints become
swollen and painful. There are several causes of arthritis such as hereditary,
viral infection, injury or a ging. In this condition the joint become hard due
to the deposition of Ca in the cartilage found in joints. The remedy is the
replacement of joints by artificial joints.
Q.36. Give the main characters of cardiac
muscles?
Ans. They are found in heart. They
are involuntary in action but they contain light and dark bands. The muscle
fibers have many nuclei. Each muscle fiber makes a connection with the adjacent
muscle fiber.
Q.37. What is I-Band?
Ans. Isotropic Band (I-Band) is made
up of actin protein. I-band has myosin binding sites which are connected under
the wrapping of tropomyosin. Tropomyosin has another protein called Troponin,
which is the binding site for calcium.
Q.38. What is A-Band?
Ans. Anisotropic Band (A-Band) is made
up of myosin protein. Myosin is a double helix and at one end two myosin heads
are present. The heads of myosin are capable of interacting with myosin sites
on I-Band.
Q.39. What is Muscle Fatigue?
Ans. When sufficient O2 is available
muscle fibers produce ATP in mitochondria. When O2 supply to the muscle fiber
is poor, glycolysis begins. It is a rapid process which bring about the
formation of Lactic Acid as a by product. The accumulation of lactic acid cause
muscle fatigue.
0 comments :
Post a Comment