E-Commerce | 9th – Class Pakistan Studies Notes

Introduction
It means business through electronic media. This is world of computer technology. It is now being used in the industry, commerce and homes. Now one car deal with the others with the help of a computer. the world has become a global village.


Advantages of E-Commerce
E-Commerce is the new method of doing business in the world. Different industries advertise their products on the internet with their prices. Whereas every person sitting at home or in office can see the pictures and prices, of the commodities of those industries through internet. One can directly take information from the company. by E-Commerce, we can sell anything at suitable prices, and can earn profit. This is called E-Commerce business.


By Using Credit Cards
Money can be transferred through credit cards. Those people who have credit card can purchase everything from factories and get delivery through courier within few days


Short Question and Answers


Q.1 Write down four causes of industrial backwardness of Pakistan?
Ans.
1. Lock of power resources
2. Political instablity
3. Lock of technical education and training
4. Shortage of capital


Q.2 Write down the features of cottage industries?
Ans.
1. They do not neend big long term loans.
2. No huge capital required.
3. Management is easy.
4. No large frame work is required.


Q.3 Name some important small scale industries of Pakistan?
Ans.
1. Sports goods industries
2. Surgical instrument industry
3. Carpet industry
4. Leather industry


Q.4 Write down four important centres of cotton textile mills?
Ans.
1. Punjab Province : Faisalabad, Multan and Lahore.
2. Sindh Province: Karachi, Hyderabad and Gambit.
3. Balochistan Province: Quetta and Lasbela.
4. N.W.F.P: Peshawar and Swat.


Q.5 Write down any four major imports of Pakistan?
Ans.
1. Machines
2. Iron Ore
3. Petroleum
4. Edible Oil


Q.6 Write down any for major exports of Pakistan?
Ans.
1. Rice
2. Sports goods
3. Cotton Textiles
4. Surgical Instruments


Q.7 Write down means of any three railway routs of Pakistan.
Ans.
1. Peshawar to Karachi via Rawalpindi, Lahore and Rohri.
2. Rawalpindi to Faisalabad via Wazirabad.
3. Multan to Jacobabad via Dera Ghazi Khan


Q.8 Write down the names of three big highways?
Ans.
1. National Highway from Karachi to Torkham via Peshawar.
2. Karachi-Quetta Highway via Khuzdar.
3. Quetta-Peshawar Highway.


Q.9 What steps should be taken by the government for the industrial development?
Ans.
1. Peace should be prevailed.
2. The trade rules should be simplified.
3. Smuggling should be controlled.
4. The long term loans with easy installment should be given to the people.

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Mountain Ranges of Pakistan | 9th – Class Pakistan Studies Notes

Introduction

The physical features of Pakistan are no similar everywhere. It means that the land of Pakistan is different in various regions from its type. There are chains of high mountains which are covered with snow throughout the year and also fertile lands and green valleys. There are also vast deserts in Pakistan. There are three relief (Physical Features) of Pakistan.
1. Mountains

2. Plains

3. Plateau

Mountains

The part of earth, which is almost 3000 feet above the sea level and has a broad base, steep slope and a narrow top is called a mountain. Mountain ranges are divided into two parts in Pakistan.

1. Northern Mountain Range

2. Western Mountain Range

1. Northern Mountains Range

This range includes the Himalayas, the Karakoram and the Hindukush mountain ranges

Himalayan Range

Himalaya is surrounded by most of the part of Pakistan towards North. Himalaya means “the house of ice”. These mountains are spread up to Gilgit. The name of one of its top mountain is Nanga Parbat. Its height is 8,126 meters. The chain of Himalaya saves our plains from cold winds of Middle East. They also stop monsoon from Arabian Sea and Bengal Gulf and becomes the source of rainfall. Their highest tops are covered with snow. When in spring and summer seasons the snow melts, our rivers are supplied with abundant water. On their slopes in the south there are forest of precious wood. The touring resorts of Pakistan like Murree, Nathiagali, Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley are also situated in these ranges. Thousand of people come here for recreation. The valley of kashmir is in the heart of these ranges which is considered the Paradise on Earth.

Karakoram Range

Karakoram is situated in the north of Himalaya in which Northern Kashmir and the regions of Gilgit are situated. The average height of Karakoram range is 7,000 meters. Its highest top is K-2 which is 8.611 meters high. The top of its neighboring Mountains are covered with snow throughout the year. But in summer the normal life begins and people become busy in earning their livings. The canals flow fast and green grass grows. This mountain range lies between Pakistan and China. Here Karakoram Highway (KKH) has been built along the river Hunza due to which trade between the two countries has progressed very much.

North Western Mountain Range

Hindukush Range

The Hindukush range lies in the north West of Karakoram Range. Most of the mountains of this range are in Afghanistan. The highest top of this range is Tirichimir which is 7690 meters high. In this range Chitral and Deer are situated. These mountains become the source of tains in summer season in Pakistan and India.

2. Western Mountains Ranges

The Koh-e-Sufain

Khyber Pass is situated in the South of river Kabul which joins Kabul to Peshawar this Pass is an old passage of trade. All the invaders in olden times entered in the Sub-Continent through this Pass which is 53 km long. Peshawar Cantonment lies close to Khyber Pass the koh-e-Sufaid is in the South of this Pass. The average heigh of this are covered with snow throughout the year.That is why it is called Koh-e-Sufaid. River kurram flows in its south. Trade with Afghanistan is carried out through Kurrahi Pass.

Kohat And Waziristan Hills

Kohat and Waziristan hills are situated between two rivers i.e. Gomal and Kurram. This mountain range is spread to north-south direction. River Tochi is an important river of this range. There are many passes through these mountains. These passes promote cultural and trade ties between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Tochi and Kurram passes are located in these hills.

Suleiman Range

Koli Suleiman is in the South of River Gornal. The highest peak is Tukht-e-Suleiman which is 3,500 meters high. It is a barren land . It is destroyed due to floods. Government controls flood by constructing high boundaries. Important place is Bolan at which river Bolan is situated. Through this path, railway line reaches Quetta after passing through Sibbi.

Kirthar Range

It is in the south of Karakoram range which is high and dry. The maximum high of the Kirthar range is 2150 meters. In its south river Hub and Lyari flow which fall in the Arabian Sea at Karachi.

Salt Range

The chain of Salt Range starts from the mountains of Tilla Jogian and Bakrala Hills on the bank of river Jhelum. These chains run for some distance along the river and then in the West after passing through Bannu meet with the Suleiman Mountain. the average heigh of Slat Range is 700 meters. In district Skesar its heigh becomes 1,500 meters. The river Swan is the famous river of this area.

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Introduction | 9th – Class Pakistan Studies Notes

In March 1929, at the annual session of All India Muslim League, Quaid-e-Azam declared his famous fourteen points.

Federal System

The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary powers rested in the provinces.

Provincial Autonomy

A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.

Representation of Minorities

All legislative in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principles of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality.

Number of Muslim Representatives

In the central legislative, Muslims representatives shall be not less than one-third.

Separate Electorates

Representative of communal groups shall continue to be by means of separate electorates as at present provided it shall be open to any community, at any time, to abandon its separate electorate in favor of joint electorate.

Muslim Majority Provinces

Any territorial re-distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way affects the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and N.W.F.P.

Religious Liberty

Full religious liberty, liberty of belief, worship and observance, association and education shall be guaranteed to all the communication.

Three-Fourth Representation

No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislative or any other elected body if three-fourths of the members of any community in that particular body oppose such a bill.

Separation of Sindh

Sindh should be separated from Bombay Presidency.

Introduction of Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan

Reforms should be introduced in the North West Frontier Province and Baluchistan on the same footing as in other provinces.

Government Services

Muslims should be given adequate share along with other Indians in the services of State.

Protection of Muslim’s Culture and Language

The constitution should embody adequate safeguard for the protection of Muslim culture, language, religion and civilization.

One-Third Muslim Ministries

No Cabinet, either central or provincial is formed. Without being a proportion of at least one third Muslim Ministers.

Conclusion

No change shall be made in the constitution of State except with the concurrence of State constituting the Indian Federation. The reasonable and moderate demands, contained in the fourteen points, were rejected by the Hindus leaders which considerably widened the gulf between the two communities.
Importance of Jinnah’s Fourteen Points

A comparison of the Nehru Report with the Quaid-e-Azam’s fourteen points shows that the political gap between the Muslims and the Hindus had really widened. Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam became principles for the Muslims of India. The importance of these points can be judged by the fact that these points were presented in the Round Table Conference of 1930. As a result, these points became the demands of the Muslims and greatly influenced the Muslims thinking for the next two decades till the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.

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Islamic Ideology | 9th – Class Pakistan Studies Notes

Definition of Islamic Ideology

An ideology which enlightens the Islamic teachings, the teachings of Quran and Sunnah, Islamic mode of life and culture is known as Islamic Ideology.
Explanation

Islam is a complete mode of life and Islamic ideology is established on the basis of golden principles of Islam. It helps in gaining peace and comfort in life. It teaches us the basic principles for the individual and collective welfare of mankind.
Characteristics of Islamic Ideology

The following are the important characteristics of Islamic Ideology:
1. Islamic ideology helps the people to spend their lives according to the teachings of Quran and Sunnah.
2. It provides a complete picture of Islamic way of life and traditions.
3. It helps in the construction of Islamic society according to the commands of Allah.
4. It helps in establishing the basic principles like human respect, tolerance, justice and equality, fraternity and mutual co-operation.

Sources of Islamic Ideology

There are following sources of Islamic Ideology:
1. The Holy Quran
2. Sunnah
3. Traditions and Cultural Values

The Holy Quran

It is the book of guidance which was revealed on the last prophet Hazrat Mohammad (Peace be upon him). The Holy Quran is the permanent basis of Islam. It provides detailed guidance to the people, concerning social and economic laws, leading to a sustainable, peaceful and purposeful life at the individual and collective levels.

Sunnah of the Prophet (P.B.U.H)

The second important source of Islamic Ideology is the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (Peace be Upon Him). Our holy prophet (P.B.U.H) elaborated the injunctons of Islam by his words and deeds. The detailed explanation of the teachings of the Holy Quran is found in Sunnah.

Traditions and Cultural Values

The third important source of Islamic ideology is traditions and culture. It is the way of passing life in which such a balanced life is adopted which makes the life peaceful and comfortable and peace is also established in the collective life of the society. The values and traditions, which do not run opposite to the teachings of Islam are allowed to be followed by the Muslims in their respective regions.

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Agricultural problems in Pakistan | 9th – Class Pakistan Studies Notes

  

Old Types of Agricultural Instruments

In small field’s modern equipment cannot be used. Due to poverty we cannot use modern equipment. Tractors are not commonly used. We do not know much about modern equipments and scientific methods of agriculture hence production per acre less.

Reforms

Our farmers should know about the modern research in the field and should adopt modern scientific methods of agriculture.

Lack of Agricultural Education

Due to lack of modern education, our farmers use old methods and equipments. They do not use new seeds and fertilizers.

Reforms

Farmers should be educated through print and electronic media about agriculture.

Limited Area

The reason of less agricultural production is that our farmers have little amount of land. This is because the number of farmers is increasing with the increase in population.

Reforms

The scattered pieces of land should be converted into big units.

Barren Land

There is very little rainfall in our country. It rainfall is in the time and enough we can get enough crops.

Reforms

There should be introduced reforms in the system of irrigation. New canals should be dug.

Problems of Water Logging and Salinity

It is the major problem of Pakistan especially in certain parts of Sindh. Most parts of Sindh are suffering from this disease. According to an estimate about one lac acre land has become useless due to this problem.

Reforms

There should be planned programmes on national level to reduce this danger.

Insects and Crop Disease

In our lands insects and crops diseases destroy plenty of our crops.

Reforms

Pesticides should be sprayed at the proper time. There should be research work on drops to control these diseases.

Cutting Action on Land

It happens due to storms and heavy rainfall.

Reforms

There should be special arrangements for this problem and chemical fertilizers should be used to enhance the fertility of the soil.

Inferior Seeds and Fertilizers

Our farmers are not familiar with the methods of preserving seeds and using the right amount of fertilizers.

Shortage of Money

Due to lack of money average production is much effected. Our farmers are under the influence of loans so they cannot give full intention to their props. They are always worried about the return of loans.

Reforms

If our farmers get loan on less credit and on easy soft conditions.

Zamindara System

This system in Pakistan has many defects. Land owners hand over their land to tenant who do not take interest in producing more crops. They link that the main part of their crop will be taken by the owner of the land. This effects our average produce very badly.

Reforms

Landlords should take interest in the business. Tenants should be given proper profit and right.

Lack of Medical Facilities

Our farmers are often found suffering from certain medical problems. He is often offering from various diseases due to low standard of living.

Reforms

There must be enough hospitals in the village from the farmers should get proper medical facilities.

Transportation Problems

By insufficient means of transportation farmers cannot bring their production to markets at the right time.

Reforms

Means of transportation should be improved and go downs in a large number are being constructed.

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Backwardness of Industry in Pakistan | 9th – Class Pakistan Studies Notes

Backwardness of Industry in Pakistan 

Causes of Backwardness of Industry in Pakistan

Following are the causes of the lack of industrial progress in Pakistan.

(I) Industrial Policies of Different Governments

When new government takes over it disposes of all policies of previous government. Due to this our country faces great problems and causes lack of progress.

(II) Decrease in the Capital

Every industry wants a large number of capitals but due to lack of capital industry will not progress.

(III) Limited Markets

Limited markets are also the cause of lack of industrial progress.

(IV) Decreases in the Productive Capabilities of the Labor

When labour will works hard then any industry makes progress and production will also improve and increase. If labor will not work then industry will deteriorate.

(V) Lack of Means of Transportation and Communication

Communication plays an important and vital role in industry’s progress. If communication system is in disorder then our product is out of order. That’s why lack of communication and transportation also causes the industry failure.

(VI) Expensive Means

Expensive means of transportation and communication.

(VII) Lack of Technical Knowledge

If workers are not technical minded then our industry will not progress. Lack of our technical workers is the downfall of our industries.

(VIII) Shortage of Entrepreneurs

Because of shortage of entrepreneurs industry will not progress.

(IX) Lack of Education

Lack of political coordination and political stability is the cause of industry’s failure.

(X) Non-Availability of Electricity

Non-Availability of Electricity in many regions.

(XI) Common Load Shedding

Electricity plays an important role in Pakistan’s progress. Pakistan is not self sufficient in electricity that’s why common load shedding also causes failure in industry’s progress.

(XII) Economic Restrictions Imposed by Other Countries

An economic restriction imposed by other countries also causes failure of industry’s progress.

(XIII) Lack of Effective Exploration of the World Market

Lack of effective exploration of the world market also causes failure of industry’s progress

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Climatic Regions of Pakistan | 9th – Class Pakistan Studies Notes

 Climate

Climate of a country is based on a long study of its weather conditions. Pakistan is situated in the north of tropic of cancer. Pakistan is a sub-tropical country. The average temperature of January in the plains of Pakistan is 4 degree C and maximum temperature of the same month is 24 degree C, whereas the minimum temperature in the month of June/July is 30 degree C and maximum temperature in the same month is 48 degree C. The maximum temperature of Sibbi and Jocobabad is about 52 degree C.

Elements of Climate

The most important elements of climate are temperature, pressure, winds, rainfall and humidity etc.

Situation of Pakistan

Pakistan is situated in the north of tropic of cancer. Pakistan is a sub-tropical country. It is situated in the western part of the monsoon region. Some of the areas in the north of Pakistan is warm and mist, whereas the mountainous area have highland type climate.

Pakistan is divided into following regions on the basis of its climate.
1. Sub-Tropical Continental highland

2. Sub-Tropical Continental plateau

3. Sub-Tropical Continental lowland

4. Sub-Tropical Coast land

1. Sub-Tropical Continental highland

It includes Pakistan’s northern mountain ranges (outer and central

Himalayas), north-western mountain ranges. (Waziristan, Zobe and Loralai) and the mountain ranges of Baluchistan (Quetta, Sara waft, Central Makran and Jalawan). Here the winter is extremely cold, normally there is snowfall. Summer season is quite cool and in spring and winter seasons there is mostly fog and rainfall.

2. Sub-Tropical Continental plateau

In this climate region most of the parts of Baluchistan are included. From may to the mid of September hot and dusty winds continuously blow. Sibbi and Jacobabad are located in this region. There are a few rainfall during the month of January and February (normally 5 cm). Extreme hot, dry and dusty winds are important characteristics of this region.

3. Sub-Tropical Continental lowland

This climate region includes the upper Indus plain (Punjab Province) and lower Indus plain (Sindh Province). Summer is very hot. The north of Punjab receives less rainfall. Winter rainfall situation is the same. In teh Thai, Kachhi, Sibbi and south-eastarn plains and dry and a large area in desert. The Peshawar plain experience thunder storms and dust storms during summer.

4. Sub-Tropical Coastland

This climate region includes the coastal areas of Sindh and Baluchistan province or the southern part of Pakistan. The temperature is moderate. The different between maximum and minimum temperature is less. There is inflow of sea breeze throughout the summer and the humidity is high. Annual average temperature is 32 degree C and rainfall is 18 cm. May and June are the honest months. The plain of Lasbela receives rainfall both in summer and winter seasons. Pakistan is situated in monsoon type of climate. There are extreme variations in the temperature. A major part of Pakistan lies at a great distance from the sea.

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Constitution Development in Islamaic Republic of Pakistan| 9th – Class Pakistan Studies Notes

What is Constitution? Write the importance of constitution.

Constitution

Constitution is the supreme law of any state. Every state has its own constitution. Constitution describes the basic structure of state, its organs, legislature, executive and judiciary and their internal relationship.
Need For A Constitution

There are the following points for the need of a constitution.

• It is necessary for every country.
• It provides leadership to manage the government affairs.
• It is the basic law of any state as every state has its own constitution.
• It describes the basic structure of state, its organs, legislature executive and judiciary and their internal relationship.

Austin’s Definition

Austin describes the definition of Constitution in such a way;

“The form of law which describes the basic structure of state is called constitution.”

Importance of Constitution

The Importance of Constitution can be stated as under:

Supreme Law

Constitution is the supreme and essential law of every state, which cannot be forgotten.

Basic Law

Constitution is the basic law, collection of laws and traditions of any state which cannot be forgotten.

Constitution As A Law

Every individual and institution is subordinate to the Constitution of the country.

Serious Crime

It is the duty of every person to obey the constitution because violation of constitution is a serious crime.

Loyalty To the Constitution

Every Government must follow the constitution and remain loyal to it.

Government’s Duty

Every government performs its duties and functions within constitutional limits.

Basic Object

Constitution defines the basic objective and priorities of the government.

Reflect the Emotions

Constitution reflects the emotions and feelings of the people.

State Policy

Policies and the laws of the state are made in the light of the constitution.

Absence May Cause Chaos and Confusion

Because of absence of constitution it may cause chaos and confusion in the state.

Power and Functions of the Government

Powers and Functions of three important organs of Government are defined in the light of constitutions of the country.

Check the Monopoly

Constitution may check the monopoly of Governmental institutions or agencies.

Protect the Right of the People

Constitution may protect the right of the people and people are equal before law.

Main Object of Creation of Pakistan

Pakistan came into being in the name of Islam. So the people of Pakistan can lead their lives according to the basic principles of Islam.

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Dawn of Independence | 9th – Class Pakistan Studies Notes

Dawn of Independence 

Independence has a great importance for the nations. Pakistan came into being as independent state on 14th August 1947 27th Ramadan and India on 15th August 1947.

Role of N.W.F.P in the Establishment of Pakistan

Introduction

North West Frontier Province is an important province of Pakistan. Its capital is Peshawar. Famous Khyber Pass is situated in this province. Foreign invaders entered sub-continent through this pass. It is an historical passage. Khushal Khan Khattak and Rehman Baba are the most famous poets of this province.

Facing Difficulties

Frontier is the province of Muslim majority. But Muslim League had to face many difficulties and problems while establishing it here. This difficulty was due to the leaders that were under the influence of Congress and they favoured its policies. Among such leaders Sarhadi Gandhi Abdul Ghaffar Khan was at the top of the list. In this province, Congress had the ministry that opposed the movement of Muslim League.

Organization of Muslim League

Muslim League slowly made its strong hold there under the leadership of the Quaid. Muslim League began to become popular in Frontier after passing Pakistan Resolution in 1940. Muslims of this area began to join Muslim League. Congress in this province started making false cases against the Muslim Leaders to torture them and locked them in jails. But they did not lose their courage. The struggle of Muslim League after 1945 became active. Among the leaders which contributed a lot are Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan, Peer Sahib Zakori Sharif and Peer Sahib Manki Sharif.

Demand for Pakistan

In February, 1947 Muslim League started the Non Co-Operative Movement against the Congress. Provincial Government gave hard tortures to Muslim League workers but it could not stop the Muslim League movement. Instead, it began to spread in the whole province. Provincial government began to be hated everywhere in the province and meetings of Muslim League began to be held in favor of separate homeland. In his way it was proved that the people of Muslim League were in the favor of Pakistan.

                                                                       

Conflict between Muslim League and Congress

On 3rd June, 1947 British government accepted the demand of Pakistan and declared that the future of Frontier will be decided by vote. So the Muslims stopped Non-Cooperation Movement. Muslim started convincing the people to give vote for Pakistan. On the other hand Congress started movement against Pakistan and raised a slogan of Free Baluchistan.

Joining Pakistan

The people of Frontier voted in favor of Pakistan in a large majority. In this way Frontier became the part of Pakistan and the Muslims of Frontier got their independence.

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Democracy | 9th – Class Pakistan Studies Notes

Definition of Democracy

“Type of government in which, the representatives for the government are selected by the votes of common people and all the members of the state take part directly or indirectly in the formation of the government is called Democracy.”

Principles of Democracy in Islam

Islam has a different concept of Democracy from the rest of the world. Under Islamic democracy, the states of affairs are run according to the teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah. The foundation of democracy in Islam has been established on the basis of following principles:

1. Sovereignty

Under Islamic democracy, the sovereignty belongs ot Almighty Allah. God fearing persons to run the affairs of the state are desirable to elect as the premiers of the state. The government as well as the legislative assemblies does not enjoy the unlimited powers. However the people are at liberty to elect.

2. Justice

The literal meaning of justice is to keep the rights things at their right places. It is the foundation of divine law. No aspect of life can be complete without justice. It is the justice which makes any society peaceful and prosperous. The individual and collective lives are made effective due to the establishment of justice.

3. Equality

Equality means all the persons are treated under the same principles of the state. Islam rejects all kinds of discrimination on the basis of languages, caste, color, culture, wealth or poverty. The Holy prophet (P.B.U.H) in his last pilgrimage declared that all human beings are the off-springs of Hazrat Adam. No Arab has any precedence over a Non-Arab and vice versa.

4. Fraternity

Fraternity means brotherhood. Allah has told in the Holy Quran that all the believers are brothers to each other. The principles of fraternity are an important aspect of Islamic society. As brothers all the Muslims share the problems of each other and their happiness also. Our holy prophet (P.B.U.H) said that a Muslim is a brother to another. Mutual co-operation is developed due to the establishment of fraternity in the society.

5. Tolerance

Tolerance means is the power of endurance and to accept the criticism of the others merrily. Tolerance makes the mutual relations of human beings strong. The holy prophet (P.B.U.H) preached tolerance through his words and deeds. Tolerance gives an ability to every person to neglect the mistakes of the others thus the possibilities of quarreling with each other are discriminated and a state of peace is developed in the society.

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