Summary of Kingdom Anamalia | First
Year – Class Biology Notes
(1) PHYLUM PORIFERA
§ Porous body
§ CaCO3 Silica Skeleton
§ Asymmetrical
§ Amphiblastula larva
§ Diffuse cellular organization
§ Spongocoel body cavity
(2) PHYLUM CNIDARIA
§ Radially symmetrical
§ Body cavity “Coelentron”
§ Pnedoblast – Defensive cells
§ Diploblast (Ecto + Endoderm)
§ Middle non-cellular layer “Mesoglea”
§ Larva – Planula Larva
§ Morphologically
a- Medusa =
Umbrella like
b- Polyp = Rod shaped
b- Polyp = Rod shaped
(3) PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
§ Flatworms
§ Totally Parasite
§ Flat or Ribbon shaped
§ Excretory organs – Proto nephridia (Flame cells)
§ Aeoelomate (Absence of body cavity)
§ It is the first phylum containing triplo blastic animals
§ Usually Hermaphrodites
§ Planaria is the only free living member
§ High fertility rate
§ Bilaterally Symmetrical
(4) PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES (NEMATODA –
ROUND WORMS)
§ Totally parasitic including 50 human parasite
§ Bilaterally symmetrical with cylindrical body
§ Two openings (Mouth & Anus)
§ Psudocoelomates
§ Common diseases – Ascariasis, filiariasis (elephantiasis), hook
worm infection.
(5) PHYLUM ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS)
§ Metamers (External segmentation)
§ Septae (Internal segmentation)
§ Setae (Locomotary organs) or cheata
§ Digestive, excretory, nervous, reproductive system well
developed.
§ Respiration through diffusion
§ Blood is red with a closed type of circulatory system (with many
pulsatile hearts)
CLASS POLYCHEATA
§ Setae with Parapodia
§ Separate sexes
§ Sabella (Peacock worm), Nereis (Clam worm)
CLASS OLIGOCHEATA
§ Setae without Parapodia
§ Pheretima (Earth worm)
CLASS HIRUNDINIA (LEACHES)
§ Free living, Ecto or Endo parasite
§ Contains a Enzyme hirudin which prevents blood clotting
(6) PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (SOFT BODIED
ANIMAL)
§ Second largest phylum
§ Largest invertebrate – Gram squlds
§ External hard covering calcium carbonate shell
§ A grinding structure radula is present in the buccal cavity
§ Thin membraneous covering of the body – mantle
§ Respiration through gills
§ Locomotary organ a mascular foot
§ Larva – Trocophore larva
CLASS GASTROPODA
§ A phenomenon torsion is present in which the animal body rotates
at the angle of 180˚
Example: Pila
CLASS BIVALVIA
§ Second largest class of mollusca
§ Shell consist of two parts and attached with eachother by hinge
joint
§ Common examples: Unio, mytilus and pearl oysters
CLASS CEPHALOPODA
§ All members are marine
§ Locomotary organ foot transformed into suckers which bears
tentacles and arms
§ Example: Sepia (cuttle fish), loligo (squids), octopus (devil
fish)
§ Shell is absent in octopus
(7) PHYLUM ARTHROPODA ( JOINTED LEGS)
§ Largest phylum
§ One million species
§ Metamerically segmented animals
§ Blood filled cavity hoemocoel is present
§ Blood without haemoglobin (white)
§ Respiration: Gills, Trachea or Book lungs
§ Excretory organs malphigian tubules
§ Nervous system well developed
§ Compound erges with sharp vision
§ Metamorphosis = developmental changes which transforms a larva
into its developed adult form
§ Incomplete metamorphosis = egg → nymph → adult e.g. cockroach
§ Complete metamorphosis = ® egg ® larva ® pupa ® adult e.g.
Butterfly, common, housefly and mosquito
§ Moulting (ecdysis)
§ Changing over of old exoskeleton and formation of a new one
§ Apiculture => Farming of honey bees
§ Sericulture => Farming of silk worms
CLASS MEROSTOMATA
§ Limulus (king crab)
CLASS ARCHINIDA (SPIDER LIKE)
§ Group of Spiders & Scorpions
§ Respiration through book lungs
§ Four pair of walking legs
CLASS CRUSTACEA
§ Class of prawns, shrimps, lobsters, crabs
§ Two pairs of antenae, one pair of mandible and two pair of
maxilla
§ Exoskeleton a large plate of carapase
§ Sacculina is the only parasitic member
CLASS MYRIAPODA
§ Class of millipedes and centipedes
§ Body is divided into similar multiple segments
CLASS INSECTA OR HEXAPODA
§ Largest class (eight lakhs & 50,000 members)
§ Study of insects is called entomology
§ Three pairs of walking legs
§ Pterygota (insects with wings)
§ Apterygota (insects without wings)
§ Social insects: Ants, termites, honey bees
(8) PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA (ANIMAL WITH
SPINY SKIN)
§ Marine animals
§ Radially symmetrical
§ Pentamerous body
§ Water vascular system is present
§ Locomotary organs are tube feets = External openings of the
water vascular system
§ Exoskeleton is made up of calcarious plates in the form of
spines
§ Power of regemeration is very great
§ Phylum echinodermata, hemichordata & chordate posses common
ancestor
§ Bipinnaria larva is present
§ Common e.g. Sea Star (Star fish, Brittle star, Sea dollar, Sea
urchins, Sea cucumbers.
(9) PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA (ANIMAL WITH
HALF NOTOCHORD)
§ Notochord in future = Vertebral column + Skull
§ Dorsal nerve cord = Brain and Spinal cord
§ Pharengeal gill slits <–>Aquatic animals = gills
§ -> Terrestrial = Internal neck structures
§ Only 90 species are present
§ Larva is tornaria larva
§ Open circulatory system
(10) PHYLUM CHORDATA
GROUP ACRANIATA
Brain without any
covering or skull
SUB-PHYLUM UROCHORDATA
§ Also known as tunicates
§ Body is enclosed in a sac tunic
§ Only embryonical stages show chordate characters
SUB-PHYLUM CEPHALO CHORDATA
Embryonic as well
as adult both forms show typical chordate characters
GROUP CRANIATA OR VERTEBRATA
Brain and spinal cord
is enclosed in a hard covering skull & vertebral column respectively
SUB-PHYLUM AGNATHA (ANIMALS
WITHOUT JAWS)
§ Also known as cyclostomes or jawless fishes
§ Totally parasitic
§ Teeth are present in the form of rings
§ Common e.g. Hag fishes, lamprey
SUB–PHYLUM GNATHOSTOMATA
(ANIMAL WITH JAWS)
§ Teeth may be present or absent
§ Amphibians and bird lack teeth
§ Fishes, reptiles, mammals do have teeth
1. SUPER – CLASS PICSES (FISHES)
Study of fish is
known as echthylogy
SUB – CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES
(CARTILAGENOUS FISHES)
§ Endo skeleton is cartilaginous (soft boned)
§ Exoskeleton – Placoid scales
§ Fins are heterocircle (different size and shaped)
§ Gills without any covering
§ Common example (Sharks, Squids, torpedo, electric ray)
§ Scolidoen (dog fish) – Small Shark
SUB – CLASS OSTEOCHYTHES (BONY
FISHES)
§ Exoskeleton cycloid or ctenoid scales
§ Operculum is present (covering of gills)
§ Fins are homocircle (Same size and shape)
§ Lung fishes are included in order dipnoi.
2. SUPER CLASS TETRAPODA
1. CLASS AMPHIBIA
§ Exoskeleton is absent
§ Respiration by lungs, gills or skin
§ Fertilization is external
§ Cold blooded
§ Having the characteristics of hibernation & aestivation
§ Common e.g. Toads, frogs, salamanders etc.
2. CLASS REPTILIA
§ Included in group amniota due to the presence of amnion in eggs
§ Fertilization is internal
§ Exoskeleton is made up of thick horny scales
§ Important members are snakes, turtles, lizards, crocodiles and
alligators
§ Venom → Snake poison
§ Fangs → sharped and curved teeth of snake
3. CLASS AVES (BIRDS)
§ Study of birds is called ornithology
§ They posses hollow bones (Pneumatic bones)
§ Sound producing organ “Syrinx” is present instead of larynx.
§ Teeth totally absent.
SUB CLASS RETITA (FLIGHT LESS
BIRDS)
E.g. Penguin, Kiwi, Ostrich.
Ostrich → Largest Bird.
E.g. Penguin, Kiwi, Ostrich.
Ostrich → Largest Bird.
SUB CLASS CARNIATAE (FLYING
BIRDS)
§ Wings with interlocking system.
§ Common e.g. Peacock, Seagulls, Kites, Falcon etc.
§ Archeopetryx → Intermediate specie between reptiles
and birds.
4. CLASS MAMMALIA
§ Presence of mammary glands and hairs.
§ A muscular organ diaphragm, which separates thoracic cavity from
abdominal cavity.
§ Teeth are present with different size and shape (heterodont).
a- Incissors → for biting and cutting purpose
b- Canives → Tearing purpose
c- Pre-Molars -> For grinding and holding purpose
d- Molars -> For grinding and holding purpose
b- Canives → Tearing purpose
c- Pre-Molars -> For grinding and holding purpose
d- Molars -> For grinding and holding purpose
SUB CLASS PROTOTHERA (EGG
LAYING MAMMALS)
§ Also called monotremous.
§ Two genera with 3 species
§ Oviparous.
§ Common urogenital opening Cloaca is present.
§ External ear is absent.
§ It is a connecting link between reptiles and true mammals. e.g.
spiny anteater, duck billed platypus.
SUB CLASS METATHERIA (POUCHED
MAMMALS)
§ Marsupials
§ Give birth to live young ones.
§ Special pouch like bag is present in the ventral side of female.
§ This pouch is known as marsupial.
§ Common e.g. Kangaroo, Kuala bear, Opossums.
SUB CLASS EUTHERIA (PLACENTAL
ANIMALS)
§ 95% of mammals are included in this group.
§ Viviparous.
§ Placenta → connecting link between mother and
fetus.
§ Common e.g. Camel, donkey, elephant, bat, whale, dolphin.
§ Markhor is the national animal of Pakistan also known as Wild
goat.
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